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Biblical Languages

Textual Criticism

Overview

Textual criticism is a specialized discipline in biblical studies. If you have the ability, it can be a helpful exercise to address the text-critical issues that appear in the academic edition of your text. Consult with your professor before proceeding.

 

Hebrew

You will need to indicate any omissions and added/replaced words or letters in your text.

  • Use square brackets [ ] to indicate omissions
  • Use angled brackets < > to indicate added/replaced words or letters
  • For example:

 

 

 

In this case the word in brackets replaced the one printed in the text of BHS. An alphabetical footnote system is used to eliminate confusion with verse numbers. See also the Template for SBL Style for further illustrations of how to format text-critical notes on your text.

 

Greek

As with Hebrew, you will need to indicate any omissions and added/replaced words or letters in your text.

  • Use square brackets [ ] to indicate added/replaced words to the eclectic text, and include a footnote using numbers
  • Footnote any omissions from the eclectic text

 

 

This is an example where the text in brackets has been added to the main printed text of NA28. See also the Template for SBL Style for further illustrations of how to format text-critical notes on your text.

There is no single correct way to present your translated text and it is best to consult with your professor. Presenting your translation in a column parallel to the original language can make it convenient for comparison and evaluation. The easiest way to do this is to create a table with three columns, with the source text in the first column, the verse number in the middle column, and your translation in the right column. Use the Template for SBL Style to help get started. Additionally this  Ancient Texts: Quick Guide offers a list of texts that are commonly used in Biblical Studies

If you need to make notations, use letters to refer to the original language and numbers for your English translation. See the two examples below.

Example 1

Example 2